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Enlarged polycystic ovaries

MedGen UID:
870206
Concept ID:
C4024641
Disease or Syndrome
Synonym: Enlarged ovaries with cysts
 
HPO: HP:0008675

Term Hierarchy

CClinical test,  RResearch test,  OOMIM,  GGeneReviews,  VClinVar  
  • CROGVEnlarged polycystic ovaries

Conditions with this feature

Polycystic ovaries
MedGen UID:
10836
Concept ID:
C0032460
Disease or Syndrome
Polycystic ovary syndrome is a condition that affects women in their child-bearing years and alters the levels of multiple hormones, resulting in problems affecting many body systems.\n\nMost women with polycystic ovary syndrome produce excess male sex hormones (androgens), a condition called hyperandrogenism. Having too much of these hormones typically leads to excessive body hair growth (hirsutism), acne, and male pattern baldness.\n\nHyperandrogenism and abnormal levels of other sex hormones prevent normal release of egg cells from the ovaries (ovulation) and regular menstrual periods, leading to difficulty conceiving a child (subfertility) or a complete inability to conceive (infertility). For those who achieve pregnancy, there is an increased risk of complications and pregnancy loss. Due to irregular and infrequent menstruation and hormone abnormalities, affected women have an increased risk of cancer of the uterine lining (endometrial cancer).\n\nIn polycystic ovary syndrome, one or both ovaries can contain multiple small, immature ovarian follicles that can appear as cysts on medical imaging. Normally, ovarian follicles contain egg cells, which are released during ovulation. In polycystic ovary syndrome, abnormal hormone levels prevent follicles from growing and maturing to release egg cells. Instead, these immature follicles accumulate in the ovaries. Affected women can have 12 or more of these follicles. The number of these follicles usually decreases with age.\n\nAbout half of all women with polycystic ovary syndrome are overweight or have obesity and are at increased risk of a fatty liver. Additionally, many women with polycystic ovary syndrome have elevated levels of insulin, which is a hormone that helps control levels of blood glucose, also called blood sugar. By age 40, about 10 percent of overweight women with polycystic ovary syndrome develop abnormally high blood glucose levels (type 2 diabetes), and up to 35 percent develop prediabetes (higher-than-normal blood glucose levels that do not reach the cutoff for diabetes). Obesity and increased insulin levels (hyperinsulinemia) further increase the production of androgens in polycystic ovary syndrome.\n\nWomen with polycystic ovary syndrome are also at increased risk for developing metabolic syndrome, which is a group of conditions that include high blood pressure (hypertension), increased belly fat, high levels of unhealthy fats and low levels of healthy fats in the blood, and high blood glucose levels. About 20 percent of affected adults experience pauses in breathing during sleep (sleep apnea). Women with polycystic ovary syndrome are more likely than women in the general popluation to have mood disorders such as depression.

Professional guidelines

PubMed

Jensen AM, Brocks V, Holm K, Laursen EM, Müller J
J Pediatr 1998 Jan;132(1):105-8. doi: 10.1016/s0022-3476(98)70493-7. PMID: 9470009

Recent clinical studies

Etiology

Rushing JS, Santoro N
Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2021 Mar;50(1):43-55. Epub 2021 Jan 4 doi: 10.1016/j.ecl.2020.10.004. PMID: 33518185
Agrawal SS, Chakraborty PP, Sinha A, Maiti A
BMJ Case Rep 2019 Dec 3;12(12) doi: 10.1136/bcr-2019-232575. PMID: 31801784Free PMC Article
Musso C, Cochran E, Javor E, Young J, Depaoli AM, Gorden P
Metabolism 2005 Feb;54(2):255-63. doi: 10.1016/j.metabol.2004.08.021. PMID: 15690321

Diagnosis

Watanabe T, Okabe S, Sakamoto S
Endocr J 2023 Oct 30;70(10):1015-1021. Epub 2023 Aug 25 doi: 10.1507/endocrj.EJ23-0195. PMID: 37635072
Agrawal SS, Chakraborty PP, Sinha A, Maiti A
BMJ Case Rep 2019 Dec 3;12(12) doi: 10.1136/bcr-2019-232575. PMID: 31801784Free PMC Article
Musso C, Cochran E, Javor E, Young J, Depaoli AM, Gorden P
Metabolism 2005 Feb;54(2):255-63. doi: 10.1016/j.metabol.2004.08.021. PMID: 15690321
Pugeat M, Ducluzeau PH, Mallion-Donadieu M
Horm Res 2000;54(5-6):322-6. doi: 10.1159/000053281. PMID: 11595827
Jensen AM, Brocks V, Holm K, Laursen EM, Müller J
J Pediatr 1998 Jan;132(1):105-8. doi: 10.1016/s0022-3476(98)70493-7. PMID: 9470009

Therapy

Watanabe T, Okabe S, Sakamoto S
Endocr J 2023 Oct 30;70(10):1015-1021. Epub 2023 Aug 25 doi: 10.1507/endocrj.EJ23-0195. PMID: 37635072
Musso C, Cochran E, Javor E, Young J, Depaoli AM, Gorden P
Metabolism 2005 Feb;54(2):255-63. doi: 10.1016/j.metabol.2004.08.021. PMID: 15690321
Jensen AM, Brocks V, Holm K, Laursen EM, Müller J
J Pediatr 1998 Jan;132(1):105-8. doi: 10.1016/s0022-3476(98)70493-7. PMID: 9470009
Negri P, Agnello G, Borghesani F, Tomain L, Minisci N, D'Errico G, Cavallini AR
Acta Eur Fertil 1987 Nov-Dec;18(6):375-80. PMID: 3454501
Rao JK, Chihal HJ, Johnson CM
J Reprod Med 1985 Apr;30(4):361-5. PMID: 3925138

Clinical prediction guides

Jensen AM, Brocks V, Holm K, Laursen EM, Müller J
J Pediatr 1998 Jan;132(1):105-8. doi: 10.1016/s0022-3476(98)70493-7. PMID: 9470009
Arnhold IJ, Latronico AC, Batista MC, Carvalho FM, Chrousos GP, Mendonça BB
Fertil Steril 1997 Feb;67(2):394-7. doi: 10.1016/s0015-0282(97)81929-2. PMID: 9022621

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